Iot ia2 2m

 

1. Different types of Arduino boards

  • Arduino Uno – most commonly used, based on ATmega328P.
  • Arduino Mega – more memory and I/O pins.
  • Arduino Nano – compact, breadboard-friendly.
  • Arduino Leonardo – supports USB communication directly.
  • Arduino Due – 32-bit ARM processor.

2. Tool chain (with example)

  • A tool chain is a set of programming tools used to develop applications for embedded systems.
  • It includes Editor → Compiler → Assembler → Linker → Loader → Debugger.
  • Example: Arduino IDE provides a tool chain that converts sketches into machine code and uploads to the Arduino board.

3. Difference between Sensors and Actuators

Sensors Actuators
Devices that sense/measure physical quantities (e.g., temperature, light, pressure). Devices that perform actions based on control signals (e.g., motors, relays).
Example: LM35 Temperature sensor. Example: Servo motor.

4. Define Sketches and its significance

  • A sketch is the name given to a program written in Arduino IDE.
  • It has two main functions: setup() (runs once) and loop() (runs continuously).
  • Significance: Provides a simple structure for programming embedded systems.

5. Remarks for writing an Arduino Program

  • Begin with proper comments for program clarity.
  • Use correct syntax (setup() and loop()).
  • Include necessary libraries using #include.
  • Define pin modes using pinMode().
  • Ensure proper indentation and naming.

6. Basic working of IoT (with diagram)

  • IoT = Sensing → Network → Processing → Application.
  1. Sensors collect real-world data.
  2. Connectivity sends data (Wi-Fi, ZigBee, Bluetooth, etc.).
  3. Processing unit / Cloud analyzes data.
  4. Application provides meaningful output to user.

(Diagram – simple block diagram with Sensors → Gateway → Cloud → Application)

7. Basic objectives of Embedded Design

  • Efficiency – optimized performance with minimal resources.
  • Reliability – error-free continuous operation.
  • Low power consumption – especially for portable devices.
  • Real-time operation – meet timing constraints.
  • Cost-effectiveness – economical design.

8. Design metrics of an Embedded System

  • Performance – response time and throughput.
  • Power consumption – battery life optimization.
  • Cost – hardware and software affordability.
  • Size – compact hardware design.
  • Flexibility – adaptability for changes.
  • Time-to-market – fast product development.

9. Challenges faced by IoT

  • Security & Privacy – risk of cyber attacks.
  • Interoperability – different devices using different standards.
  • Scalability – managing millions of devices.
  • Power management – need for energy-efficient devices.
  • Data management – handling huge amounts of data.

10. Applications of IoT in Smart Farming

  • Precision Agriculture – using soil sensors for moisture and nutrients.
  • Smart Irrigation – automatic water supply based on soil condition.
  • Livestock Monitoring – wearable IoT tags for cattle.
  • Greenhouse Monitoring – temperature and humidity control.
  • Example: Soil moisture sensor + Arduino + IoT cloud used for automated irrigation.